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Book Title:Love is in the Earth: A Kaleidoscope of Crystals
Signed:No
Ex Libris:No
Narrative Type:Nonfiction
Dimensions:9 x 6 x 1¾ inches; 2¾ pounds
Publisher:Earth Love Publishing House
Intended Audience:Young Adults,Adults
Inscribed:No
Vintage:Yes
Personalize:No
Publication Year:1995
Type:Illustrated Guide
Format:Trade Paperback
Language:English
Author:Melody
Personalized:No
Features:Illustrated
Topic:Alternative Belief Systems,Alternative Health,Alternative Medicine,Alternative Therapies,Gemology,Gemstones,Mysticism,Wicca
Number of Pages:726

Love is in the Earth: A Kaleidoscope of Crystals – The Reference Book Describing the Metaphysical Properties of the Mineral Kingdom by “Melody”. NOTE: We have 100,000 books in our library, over 10,000 different titles. Odds are we have other copies of this same title in varying conditions, some less expensive, some better condition. We might also have different editions as well (some paperback, some hardcover, oftentimes international editions). If you don’t see what you want, please contact us and ask. We’re happy to send you a summary of the differing conditions and prices we may have for the same title. DESCRIPTION: Softcover. Publisher: Earth Love Publishing House (1995). Pages: 726. Size: 9 x 6 x 1¾ inches; 2¾ pounds. Summary: The most comprehensive reference book that addresses the metaphysical properties of hundreds of minerals, correlated to the astrological signs. The book takes the reader on an intimate journey into the subtle realms of crystal energy. Find the configurations, numerical vibrations, master numbers, preparatory methodology, and practical applications of mostly all the minerals from A-Z. CONDITION: NEW. New oversized softcover. Earth Love Publishing House (1995) 726 pages. Unblemished except for extremely faint edge and corner shelfwear to the covers (and I mean extremely faint – as in it requires that you hold the book up to a light source and scrutinize it intently to discern the very faint edgewear). Inside the book is entirely pristine. The pages are clean, crisp, unmarked, unmutilated, tightly bound, unambiguously unread. Condition is entirely consistent with new stock from a bookstore environment wherein new books might show minor signs of shelfwear, consequence of simply being shelved and re-shelved. Satisfaction unconditionally guaranteed. In stock, ready to ship. No disappointments, no excuses. PROMPT SHIPPING! HEAVILY PADDED, DAMAGE-FREE PACKAGING! Meticulous and accurate descriptions! Selling rare and out-of-print ancient history books on-line since 1997. We accept returns for any reason within 30 days! #8497a. PLEASE SEE DESCRIPTIONS AND IMAGES BELOW FOR DETAILED REVIEWS AND FOR PAGES OF PICTURES FROM INSIDE OF BOOK. PLEASE SEE PUBLISHER, PROFESSIONAL, AND READER REVIEWS BELOW. PUBLISHER REVIEWS: REVIEW: The first of several in the Love Is In The Earth series, this best-selling title is said to be the most comprehensive volume addressing the metaphysical properties of the mineral kingdom. Updated from the original reference book published in 1991, it is now available throughout the world! REVIEW: Internationally known, best-selling author of the “Love is in the Earth” series, Melody was born in Cumberland, Maryland, and now resides in the Rocky Mountain region. She is a scientist and holds Bachelor of Science and Master of Art degrees in mathematics. She has been working with stones since she was a child, always evidencing an interest in the geological and mystical properties of these children of the Mother Earth. Due to the desire to share her research and knowledge with her brothers and sisters of the planet, and due to the need to make the information available at the onset of the “Age of Love”, she has updated this popular book. In addition to her work within the United States, she has taught crystal workshops in Brazil, the Republic of South Africa, and Australia, and has held private consultations in India and Nepal. REVIEW: An internationally known best-selling author, Melody holds a Bachelor of Science and a Master of Arts degree in mathematics. A scientist residing in Colorado, her extensive understanding of the metaphysical and of the mineralogical aspects of the mineral kingdom has stimulated and has promoted world-wide interest. She has traveled extensively throughout the world, and is sponsored to conduct comprehensive crystal workshops, private consultations, and awareness seminars. PROFESSIONAL REVIEWS: REVIEW: My family has been selling rocks, crystals, and minerals for the last 15+ years as a full-time job. In the last 2 years, I’ve started my own rock business separate from the main family branch. Melody’s book is generally considered the official resource for metaphysical information. We’ve used this book from the beginning to help customers find what they’re looking for. A lot of people find this book to be a helpful guide and get what they need from it. Customers will ask for it by name and my dad always keeps a few on stock in his shop for sale. I’ve memorized a lot of this book from frequent use. This book’s information has helped me interact with and fulfill needs of customers that I might not otherwise understand. From a retailer’s view, the information in this book is very helpful. REVIEW: I’m a jewelry artist and this book is also known as “the gemstone bible” in my household. Clients sometimes ask me for a talisman to represent a certain event or goal, and I love this book for helping me sort out what materials to use in those pieces. I find the descriptions well written and articulate. I have actually owned three copies of this book over the last dozen or so years cause I have given a couple away! It’s been good enough to share and buy again! REVIEW: This best-selling book is a comprehensive reference book to the metaphysical properties of hundreds of minerals, correlated to the astrological signs. READER REVIEWS: REVIEW: This is a pretty comprehensive book about the meanings of various stones. Although it is not all-inclusive, it covers far more than most people will ever need. It is the best of this type I have ever seen. There are no photos, but the book describes the stone, it’s appearance, color ranges, vibrational numbers, astrological signs and all the stones’ properties. More importantly, it goes into significant detail on the health (helps with anxiety, blood pressure, etc.) and metaphysical properties of the stone (assists in clairvoyance, etc.). The book includes precious and semi-precious gemstones (diamond, topaz, peridot), as well as other stones (jasper, etc), even metals, such as gold and silver. Even if you want to stay on the basic side of life, there are plenty of good energy stones, like rose quartz or amethyst. I recently gave rose quartz to a co-worker who was getting a little too stressed and told him to keep it on his desk. Now, you can “poo poo” me all you want, I see a huge difference. I used to laugh at this stuff too, till I realized I was wrong. I have friends who cut, polish, and wrap various stones. I like to select a stone (or a combination of stones), have them wrapped, and then look them up in this book to see “why” I bought it/them. Whether you believe that stones possess and carry certain energies or not, you can have fun with this book. Personally, I’ve found it to be quite educational and revealing. I use the book all the time. You would be amazed how “right-on-target” it continues to be for me when I look up something. I recently had a co-worker friend stop by and she was wearing a very unique necklace that had obviously been designed for her. To those who are into metaphysics, it had a Japanese symbol on it, overlaid with a triangle, and a special stone in the center. Of course, the symbolism drew my eyes like a magnet and I asked. The stone was alexandrite. Her husband and son had the pendant made for her after her cancer surgery as a token of how much she meant to them. Also, if you don’t know it, true alexandrite is VERY expensive. Anyway, I opened the book to alexandrite and handed it to her. I said “read it”. She did and she was amazed how well its meaning fell right into place for her. When I have a pendant made for someone as a gift, I select the stone first. I look up the meaning later and give them a copy of the meaning. It is ALWAYS on target! This book helped open me up to a whole new world–new to me anyway. REVIEW: This is one of the best written books on working with the energy of the Stone People (Mineral Kingdom). This book I have used since it was first published in the early 90s. There are over 700 hundred pages on the metaphysical properties of stones, crystals. This book details the use of each stone and relates to the various metaphysical properties such as throat, heart, stomach, as well as the various seven charka. If you like knowing what to wear when you are encountering the general populace or if you are trying to attract love, or ward off an negative being/energy, this book is just for that. Throughout the book you will find which type of stone or another or combination of stone will help you the most. We all at sometime or another need help while trudging along our life’s walkabout, and since we can all use a friend on our journey, give this book a good read. If you are unsure what to get for that friend or relative for their birthday or other occasion, then find them a piece of gemstone jewelry who doesn’t like sparklies to wear and gives that added spiritual properties to the gift. This book deserves the 5 star rating for content and personal insight. REVIEW: This marvelous reference work tells you everything about the metaphysical properties and use of crystals. The chapter Configurations describes the shapes and structures of the mineral kingdom, from the Ankh to the Window Crystal. There are chapters on Numerical Vibrations, Master Numbers and Preparatory Methodology, which serve as guides for those who wish to speed up their progress on the spiritual path. The last mentioned chapter deals with acquiring, dedicating, cleansing, awakening, charging and programming your crystals. The chapter Practical Applications provides information on crystal meditation, protection, elixirs and how to treat food, plants, your car and your aura with crystals. The chapter Additional Definitions serves as a glossary of terms, from Akashic Records to Yin-Yang. The main body of the book consists of an alphabetical list of crystals and their properties, from Acanthite to Zunyite. Here the appearance of the stone and its metaphysical and healing qualities are discussed. Astrological correspondences and numbers are also provided. The book has a beautiful cover painting, “Crystals Of Life”, by Charley Berryhill and concludes with a thorough index. It is a very useful and extensive guide to crystals. REVIEW: If you are like myself, fascinated by crystals this book will definitely aid you in your learning and knowledge. The book has details on an array of many crystals, the majority I hope obtainable but some not so obtainable. By this I mean that they are either extremely rare or very expensive. The layout of crystal information within the book is usually as follows: First how the crystal forms and color range, followed by how the crystal will aid you. The first 80 pages of the book explain types of crystals, practical applications of crystals, preparation of crystals and additional definitions, all of which are references you may need to refer back to throughout the crystal categories. The book in my view is definitely worth buying and a great addition to any collection of books you may wish to acquire in your search for crystal knowledge. Obviously, the book is one person’s view on the crystal world, which is why I have several books in this field. Whether a novice on crystals or a qualified crystal worker i am sure the book would be beneficial to all who use it. REVIEW: This particular “Melody Book” (other Melody books cover other “facets” of stones… like color pictures, application of stones, etc.), is about as comprehensive a book as one could hope for, regarding the metaphysical properties of particular crystals and stones. It’s very rare that you’ll find a type of stone (no matter how obscure) that isn’t listed here. It is “the encyclopedia”. REVIEW: This book has MANY things going for it. The author discusses various types of crystals (clusters, dendric, gateway, generator, manifestation, obelisk, etc). Then goes on to other sections (acquiring, dedication, cleansing, awakening, charging, programming, meditation, protection, making elixirs, etc). Then the larger portion of the book is used to list the properties of hundreds of different kinds or stones. The author even goes so far to list the astrological sign, and which number the stones are associated with. REVIEW: This book is almost overwhelming in its length, but don’t despair, there’s a ton of wonderful metaphysical information on gems, crystals and minerals. Each entry has a physical description of the stone, and its healing and metaphysical properties. There is a nice introduction covering only the most basic care and usage of crystals. Sometimes the language can be confusing for a novice, but reread the passage a couple of times and you will get it. If you are into healing, wearing or collecting crystals, gems, and minerals at all, this is a terrific book to have. I don’t shop for gems without it. REVIEW: If you have an interest in crystals, beyond that of a geo-or-gemologist, then this is an excellent book; indeed, one of the few books concerning crystals (alongside The Book of Stones and Moldavite: Starborn Stone of Transformation) worth owning. Both geological and metaphysical angles are approached, and the book as a whole is comprehensive. If a reader can feel unsatisfied by the 700 pages and what it contains (for less than £20), then quite frankly their expectations are considerably greater than my own. It is too easy to be put off by its cover (people don’t heed old sayings) and are too quick to point out that it is without photographs. However, this book is a companion and never claimed to be definitive – only one’s personal interaction, experience, observation and discerning reflection can be definitive when speaking about metaphysics. REVIEW: I’ve collected and read several crystal healing books. This one is the go-to book for all the rest, and now I see why. Quite simply, it addresses the metaphysical aspects of more stones than any other book out there. It’s a hefty volume, without any superfluous chitchat. The stones are clearly indexed and addressed in concise language. If the minutae are overlooked it is because adding every detail would have pushed this into multiple volumes. It’s one of the more pricey options out there, but well worth the extra expense. I haven’t purchased any of Melody’s other tomes, but after seeing the work behind this one, I will likely work toward the whole library. REVIEW: This is the book that many consider “the” standard elementary reference work for studying the metaphysical properties of crystals and minerals. I know there are other reference works out there, like Judy Hall’s Crystal Bible, but this is the one most often mentioned by crystal people when they want to describe things like healing and meditation properties. There are brief physical descriptions of each mineral, followed by the generally known metaphysical properties and uses. One way you can tell this book is very popular—it’s hard to find used copies, and when you do, they command a good price. Summing up my review: Start with “Love Is In the Earth.” Melody will give you little tidbits that you can use to begin your more extensive research. REVIEW: This is NOT a picture book of rocks and gems. Rather, it is a comprehensive encyclopedia of everything that is known and believed about the rock or gem by people of various disciplines and power. Psychic, mystic, curious — whatever the question, it’s likely you’ll find the answer here. That is, everything but the picture. Still, it’s a “must-have” that will not disappoint you. REVIEW: If you are a crystal collector or rock hound, this is the book for you! It has everything you ever wanted to know about crystals and stones! This book describes crystals and stones that I had never heard of before, until now. I now own jewelry with some of these rare stones because I better understand the metaphysical properties of them. Every collector should own this book! It’s an encyclopedia on all stones and crystals! REVIEW: This is the definitive book for researching the mystical properties of precious and semiprecious gemstones. It is by far the most thorough and complete listing of stones, as well as the most researched text I have encountered on the subject. The author also makes a point to cross reference which chakra points each stone corresponds to, its astrological sign, and the number it vibrates to. The latter has been especially helpful when tying in my research on stones with my research on the Hebrew alphabet. REVIEW: This book has been of great assistance to me. It is the all encompassing most comprehensive text regarding the metaphysical properties of crystals, minerals and metals that I have yet to encounter. This book is pages and pages of energy, that will bring great benefit to all those who seek out its guidance. I can only recommend it to any of that may be interested in energy work with crystals and crystal healing, whether it be personal or mutual. For all the minerals is does not include there are two appendices that supplement this work. May this Book Guide and assist you on your Journey if you choose to allow it to! ~ May you all choose to live a life of peace, harmony, joy and love! REVIEW: Thank you to Melody! This is the most comprehensive book I have found for learning the metaphysical properties associated with crystals, stones, minerals, fossils, and more. 726 pages of information on over 1,000 crystals and stones! You are sure to find many you never knew existed and info on many you’ve always wondered about. This book is for those interested in the healing properties and energy emitted by crystals/stones. If you need a geological reference of the stones seek another book. If you need pictures (there are none in this book) seek the pictorial supplement by Melody. I have always been sensitive to the energy of stones and Melody is concise and practical in her evaluations. She does a great job of communicating the information without over-doing it. Aside from being an essential reference book, it is nice to just randomly open this book up and learn about crystals and stones. REVIEW: A metaphysical shop I went to had one behind the counter. She warned me it might be hard to find, and expensive if I did. I’m so glad I did eventually find it! I had “The Book Of Stones”, and while it is good, this one is much more comprehensive. It seems to agree on most points with other stone manuals I have, and I haven’t run across a description I would outright disagree with. It is now my favorite crystal reference REVIEW: I do not think that any other book on the subject can even come close or be compared to “Love is In the Earth.” I used to think that “Healing Stoned” was pretty special (and, in its own way, it still is); however, the expansiveness, depth and detail of “Love Is In The Earth” puts it in a class by itself. Thank you Melody! REVIEW: I attended a rock/gem show and was looking for the metaphysical meaning of a gem that interested me. The vendor had this book for reference and you could tell it had been used often. I really liked the explanations and ordered one when I got home. The book does not have pictures of the gems but has easy to read information on the crystals. It also has a very complete list. REVIEW: I’ve had this book for years and I continue to purchase it for friends who are just starting to learn about crystals and gemstones. There quite simply, is not another book out there that compares to this one. It’s detailed, informative and descriptive. This is THE BIBLE of all crystal/gemstone books. Perfect for anyone interested in learning more about the mineral kingdom. Truly a must have reference guide. REVIEW: I’ve been told that the mineral info isn’t completely accurate, but the healing qualities due to the vibrations of different stones/minerals is very useful! As physicists will tell you, everything vibrates and the vibrations affect other vibrations (like the ripples of a pebble thrown into a pond are affected by the ripples of the next pebble thrown in) and the being/object from which the vibration comes. REVIEW: I am really into crystals and their various characteristics and “vibrations”. This book has been revised since its first publication to include more information. It lists every crystal, geode, gemstone one could imagine! It gives good information on the metaphysical qualities attributed to the rocks and minerals. It is detailed and covers the subsets of the crystals, etc., and is well organized. I have used this book a LOT for reference and the information is accurate and complete. REVIEW: Very good quality, this book was recommended to me by a “doula” who felt it was the best quality available. Lots of detailed information about each of the crystals, cross referenced and indexed. There are also other volumes of crystals that are not in this book. REVIEW: A classic book on crystals. It was recommended to me by a seller on eBay as I was interested in the metaphysical/healing aspects of crystals so I purchased it. There is a boat load of info and I can see keeping this book around as a reference for many years to come. REVIEW: This is a great encyclopedia with a wealth of magical and metaphysical information! And the design is lovely, it’s as though it actually has the uplifting energy of the crystals it describes. It is very extensive and has entries that I didn’t even expect it to! If you love crystals, especially in a magical context, this is a personal library essential. REVIEW: I am new to the world of minerals and gemstones so this book appears to have everything including many varieties I never heard of. It’s full of interesting information about crystals and has greatly enhanced my appreciation and understanding of the wonders of the mineral kingdom. I highly recommend it to anyone with any interest in the earth’s treasures, whether for healing or just personal enjoyment. REVIEW: This is an amazing ‘thick’ book that contains information on almost every stone, mineral and crystal. What I love about this book is that the information in the book was intuited by the author. I have found more descriptions for stones in this book than in any other, and I refer to it all the time. As a Shamanic Practitioner/Healer, this book has been an invaluable asset to me. REVIEW: This is the ultimate “Bible” for reference regarding stones, crystals, their uses and meanings. I gave this as a gift because I knew it is the very best and most complete book out there on this subject matter. REVIEW: This is a very comprehensive book that lists the properties of the stones. No pictures, so if you’re wanting to know what a particular stone is, this isn’t the place for that, but if you want to know the properties of the stones, this is the one place to go. REVIEW: This book is a must have for anyone working with stones in their magical practice. The list of stones and their properties is comprehensive. The information presented is abundant and easily understood . REVIEW: Melody describes a vast range of crystals and minerals in this book, she covers their structure, some geological data, history, healing properties and how to work with them. A superb reference book which is essential if your are working with crystals. REVIEW: This is the first book in a trilogy of books written by Melody. I recommend this to anyone with an interest in the metaphysical properties of crystals. It is written in a clear and non fluffy down to earth manner that the most novice of crystal enthusiasts can understand. A must for the new age library. REVIEW: Bought this book to replace an older copy that we consider the ‘crystal bible’. Did not want to be without this book. If you love crystals or just want to learn more about them this book is loaded with info on some you have probably never even heard of, especially as concerns their esoteric uses. Awaken and add to your knowledge of ‘rocks’ and their properties. I recommend you Read This Book! REVIEW: I absolutely love this book. Mine is earmarked and tattered from using it so extensively. I do stone work and beading and this book really helps to personalize what I am making because it contains the metaphysical properties of stones. I purchased this for my mom because she is working with stones and gems. She loves her copy as well. I highly recommend this book to everyone who loves the earth!! REVIEW: The best metaphysical book of Crystals. Melody’s book is in easy to read format with detailed information such as Cleansing, Configurations, and Practical applications for working with all types of crystals. I especially love the healing assets of each and every crystal. This book should be in every healer’s Library. REVIEW: Over 700 pages on the metaphysical properties of stones, crystals. Great reference book. This book has no photos, so I recommend you purchase the separate book “Love is in the Earth Mineralogical Pictorial”. REVIEW: I bought this book because I have a strong interest in Crystals and their properties. This book is one of the most complete books that I have found with the information that I need. I am a Reiki Master/Teacher and I use crystals in my healing work. This book is a wonderful guide for me to better help myself and others on their Healing Journey. REVIEW: Great book!! Everything you could ever want to know about crystals is in this book. Of course you should be open to metaphysics to feel as thrilled as I am with it. I also really like the part in the beginning about crystal uses. Great for my Reiki practice. REVIEW: I bought this book because I collect rocks and this book is very detailed on the subject of rocks. The books tells you what the rocks vibrate at as well as the spiritual properties of the rocks. The book is very easy to use and understand. There is not one thing I did not like about this book. I would recommend this book to others. REVIEW: I love this series. This book was the first “metaphysical” book I really found working for me. It’s all about rocks, what they are and what their “special” properties are and can do. I highly recommend it for the beginner or the more experienced energy worker. I still find myself using it as a reference book for so many different issues! Surely a book that should be in everyone’s libraries. REVIEW: This book was highly recommended to me by a very dear friend of mine. She guided me through some tough times and became the most incredible friend I ever had. This book (however cheesy the title sounds) is a guide book for anyone interested in the metaphysical meanings of gemstones and minerals. A must have. REVIEW: My favorite book on crystals! Melody is an epic conduit, and I believe with any book you read on such topics, it is always important that the author is in tune with high frequencies to ensure the information they bring through is pure. I personally feel that is the case with this book. ADDITIONAL BACKGROUND: GEMSTONES IN ANCIENT HISTORY: Throughout history, gemstones were believed capable of curing illness to providing protection. Found in Egypt dated 1500 B. C., the “Papyrus Ebers” offered one of most complete therapeutic manuscripts containing prescriptions using gemstones and minerals. In the eastern civilizations of China, India, and Tibet, gemstones were not only valued for their medicinal and protective properties, but also for educational and spiritual enhancement. Hereinbelow are a few examples of the uses for and beliefs concerning specific gemstone varieties in the ancient world. Quartz: Quartz (“rock crystal”) caught the eye of various ancient cultures with its brilliant transparency and gorgeous tones. To the ancient Greeks it was “krystallos”, from which the name “crystal” is derived. To the ancient Slavic cultures it was, “kwardy”, from which eventually the name “quartz” was derived. The clearest form of quartz is rock crystal, used since ancient times to manufacture “crystal balls”. Colorless quartz crystals have always been popular in jewelry since even ancient pre-recorded history due to mystical legends concerning the “power” of quartz crystals. In the ancient world quartz was used as an ornamental stone, to fashion gemstones for jewelry, and as well for making tools and weapons. Quartz was also ground by ancient cultures to produce primitive forms of glass and ceramics. Faience jewelry and amulets were mass produced in ancient Egypt fashioned from ground quartz and various minerals added to produce color (such as copper ore for blue-green; iron ore for red and orange, etc.). Similar ceramic jewelry and amulets were also produced by the ancient Sumerian and Babylonian cultures. According to one ancient legend, the sun and universe were contained within an enormous crystal. Quartz was also long thought by ancients to be petrified ice. Five thousand years ago the Sumerians cut and engraved various quartz stones as cylinder seals and used them later as ring seals. As the Sumerians invented writing, quartz is probably one of the first gem stone materials to be written on, and also to be used as a stamp to make a written impression in clay. Ancient Persians believed that quartz amulets placed on a baby ensured the infant’s proper nutrition. There are many examples in various museums throughout the world of carved quartz stones that were popular in Greece and Rome as intaglios for signet rings. One particularly popular style showed the upper half of the body of a man with a hand upraised, pronouncing judgment. These pieces are said to have been especially effective as a talisman during a lawsuit. The ancient Celts used rock crystal amulets to give the water of healing wells a magical potency. Running brooks produced healing water as well. Quartz “star stones” were collected from a running brook, placed in boiling water from the same brook, and then the water, imbued with the curative power of the crystals, was then given to the patient. It was also believed that quartz crystals could cure infertility. Quartz crystal has also been used in religious and shamanistic ceremonies for thousands of years. In the ancient Greek world quartz was utilized in the Eleusinian mysteries, initiation ceremonies held every year for the cult of Demeter and Persephone based at Eleusis in ancient Greece, to produce the sacred fire by concentrating the heat of the sun to ignite wood chips. Native American shamans are said to have used quartz crystals as divining and hunting charms, believing they were inhabited by spirits who had to be fed periodically by rubbing the quartz crystals with deer’s blood. The Cherokee were known to use quartz crystals for divining stones. Australian aborigines Aboriginal tribes regard quartz crystal as a rain-stone, and use it in ceremonies meant to bring rain. And of course through the ancient world, for thousands of years, large pieces of quartz crystal were cut and polished into spheres, a scrying tool which enabled practitioners to foretell the future by peering into their crystal balls. In the 14th century Medieval World of Europe, it was common for the quartz crystal to be engraved with the image of a man in armor holding a bow and arrow. The resulting talisman then would guard both the wearer and the place where it was situated. Quartz is very popular in the production of jewelry due to the fact it is very hard and durable. Some of the most popular varieties of quartz include amethyst (purple quartz), citrine (yellow quartz), and aventurine (green quartz). Other popular varieties include “tigerseye”, the relatively rare rose quartz, onyx, and various forms of agate (such as jasper). “Rose quartz” is the rarest of these various quartz varieties. The ancient Assyrians and Romans were among the first to use rose quartz, carved and faceted to provide gemstones, the Romans also using them to carve intaglios for signet rings. Rose quartz was regarding a token of love amongst both the ancient Romans and Assyrians. Smoky quartz is brown, transparent quartz that is popular for large and unusual faceted crystals. Smoky quartz from Mount Cairngorm, Scotland, is known as “cairngorm”, and since ancient times has been a favorite ornamental gemstone with Scots and Celts. Even today smoky quartz is worn in brooches with traditional Highland costumes. Tiger’s Eye quartz contains brown iron which produces its golden-yellow color. Cabochon cut stones of this variety show the chatoyancy (small ray of light on the surface) that resembles the feline eye of a tiger, and have been enormously popular in various Asian cultures for thousands of years. It was a very important trade good in ancient India. And of course, the transparent colorless variety of quartz is still known as rock crystal. Although colorless quartz is relatively common, large flawless specimens are not. In the ancient world rock crystal was often been used in jewelry, particularly carved pieces. In the ancient world it was believed that quartz also possessed “medicinal” value as when applied to an inflamed area, it would act as an “ice pack”. It was also used It also aid in curing mental disorders, problems with the lungs (including emphysema), sore throats, skin problems, circulatory system troubles (including varicose veins and hemorrhages) and respiratory system disorders. It was also used to provide relief from pain (particularly from headaches), to cure vision problems, and strengthen the immune system. Rose quartz was utilized as a cure for stress, heart, and circulatory related health problems. On the metaphysical plane quartz was believed to enhance intuition, mental clarity and concentration, emotional stability, confidence, creativity, love, and romance; and was also believed to increase fertility. Believed to be a spiritual awakener, quartz was believed to aid in balancing and amplifying body energy, emotions, and thoughts, producing a naturally balanced, solid-state energy field as it activated all levels of consciousness. And as nature’s energy-generator, it was believed to draw white light into the physical body, helping to diagnose disease, stimulate brain functions and activate the pineal and pituitary glands [AncientGifts]. Smoky Quartz: Smoky quartz from Mount Cairngorm, Scotland, known as “cairngorm”, has since ancient times has been a favorite ornamental gemstone. It is the national gemstone of Scotland and has been considered a sacred stone there for millennia, a belief dating back to the Druids. The Celtic population of the British called smoky quartz they mined in the Cairngorm Mountains of the Scottish highlands “morion”, and the yellow-brown to gray-brown crystals mined there “cairngorm” Beginning in the seventeenth century, craftsmen of Scottish weapons began to incorporate smoky quartz or citrines from the Cairngorm Mountains into shoulder brooches, kilt pins and dirk pommels. > Smoky quartz was and is a favorite ornamental stone set into the pommel of the Scottish dirk, or “black dagger”, a long dagger with a straight blade that is a prerequisite of Highland costume, having first appeared in the eighteenth century as a military accoutrement. A man’s “sgian dubh” (literally “black dagger” but also known as a “sock knife”) was invariably carried in a place of concealment, very often under his armpit. However when calling on another household Highland protocol called for men to deposit their weapons (claymore or broadsword, dirk, pistols, etc.) at the front door. Nonetheless even when visiting friends it was not safe to be entirely unarmed, and so Highlanders kept their dirk close at hand. But out of courtesy to his host the proper Highland gentleman would remove it from under his armpit and put it somewhere where his host could see it, usually in his stocking, which incidentally also made it even quicker to access if needed. Even the Scottish royal scepter features a cairngorm stone. It is made of silver gilt and topped by a 2½ inch sphere of Scottish smoky quartz and a Scottish pearl. It was a gift in 1494 A.D. from Pope Alexander VI to King James IV, as a symbol of papal support for Scotland, a “special daughter” of the Holy See. Together with a royal crown and sword, the three items form the Scottish “honors”, first used together at the coronation Mary, Queen of Scots at Stirling Castle in 1543. They were last used at the coronation of King Charles II at Scone Palace, the ancient crowning place of the kings of Scotland, on January 1, 1651, the last coronation to ever take place in Scotland. Other ancient cultures have used smoky quartz, and the Cairngorm Mountains were not the only source of smoky quartz in the ancient world. Much of the smoky quartz in the classical Mediterranean World came from the Swiss Alps. Fragments of smoky quartz vases have been uncovered in the excavations of ancient Babylonian Ur. Smoky quartz was popular in ancient times with the Romans, who used the stone for carving intaglio seals. In the Middle Ages the most important deposit of smoky quartz was in Upper Silesia (now Poland). According to legend, a crystal ball of smoky quartz was the scrying or diving tool used by the renowned Dr. John Dee (1527-1608), alchemist, mathematician, astrologer, magician, and court diviner to Queen Elizabeth I of England (1533-1603). In Medieval Europe smoky quartz gemstones were often engraved with the image of a man in armor holding a bow and arrow. The stone supposedly guarded the wearer and the place where it was situated. Modern practitioners sometimes refer to smoky quartz as “the dream stone,” as it is thought to enhance dreams, meditation, and channeling abilities. Smoky quartz is regarded as calming, soothing, comforting and stabilizing, with the power to restore balance and harmony, transform negative emotions to more positive energies, and to improve clarity of thought. Modern practitioners use smoky quartz to treat stress, depression, nightmares, fear, panic, depression, and pessimism. It is believed to help dispose of “psychic waste”, and to foster the courage to make changes and break bad habits, especially old beliefs and emotions that prevent one from experiencing life fully. On the physical side, smoky quartz is regarded as a powerful healer, used to help remove toxins from the body and aid the proper functioning of the kidneys (relieving fluid retention), adrenals, and pancreas. It is also used to help balance sexual energies, as well as help increase fertility. Worn as an amulet, smoky quartz is said to keep the mind clear, banish confusion, clear ambivalence, fortify resolve, help the wearer consciously focus on spiritual growth, and heighten the wearer’s understanding of nature and the environment. Contemporary spiritualists claim that smoky quartz Smokey Quartz is a very powerful scrying stone, revealing visions of dragons, strange astral realms and ancient secrets [AncientGifts]. Rose Quartz: Aside from pearls, which were “discovered” as gemstones by prehistoric man, various forms of quartz (such as carnelian, amethyst, and rose quartz), turquoise, and lapis lazuli are the oldest gemstones utilized in the manufacture of jewelry. “Rose quartz” is the rarest of these various quartz varieties. Transparent, gemstone-quality rose quartz is very rare and is usually so pale that it does not show very much color except in large sizes. The pink shades of rose quartz are due to the presence of titanium. The ancient sources for rose quartz were mines in Namibia. Rose quartz beads have been found in Mesopotamian burials that date back to at least 7000 B.C. Jewelry produced by the ancient Assyrians around 800 B.C. featured rose quartz. The Romans also used rose quartz to carve intaglios for signet rings, as well as cut ands faceted to provide gemstones for jewelry. Both the ancient Assyrians and Romans regarded rose quartz as a traditional gift expressing love or affection. In ancient Egypt masks cut from rose quartz were used to beautify the skin. The ancient Greeks associated the gemstone with the God Eros, who according to legend felt pity for humans when he saw the pain and loneliness caused by anger, so he created rose quartz in the hope that its beautiful color and gentle energy would arouse love and desire among people. In antiquity and through into the Middle Ages it was believed that the cosmos was reflected in gemstones. Rose quartz was associated with Venus, probably arising from the classical association of rose quartz with the Roman Goddess of Love, Venus. A large deposit from rose quartz was discovered in 1756 A.D. in southern Bavaria near Germany’s border with the Czech Republic, an area called the Bavarian Woods. The material was so intensely colored that it was said to resemble spinel. Between its discovery in 1756 and 1880, 16,000 tons of rose quartz was quarried and used to produce crystal tableware such as plates, bowls, glasses, etc., for Victorian Europe. Today tableware made from the material is avidly sought by collectors and fetch very handsome prices. Due to its soft color, rose quartz was long been regarded in the ancient world as a soothing, calming crystal that promoted love and healing. It was also associated with femininity. Placing a rose quartz under one’s pillow at night was believed to promote peaceful sleep and creative inspiration. Its medical uses included its use as a cure for skin disorders (including healing scar tissue, burns, and blisters), stress, heart and circulatory related health problems, including its perceived value in releasing excess fluids and impurities in the cells of the body. Rose quartz was also used to prevent wrinkles, to treat asthma, eyesight problems, migraines, fever, bruises and aching in bones, fatigue, menstrual pains and tenderness. On the metaphysical plane, rose quartz was believed to help clear negative emotions such as jealousy, anger and fear, and also to ease heartache and psychic traumas. It was also believed to enhance intuition, confidence, creativity, love, and romance; and was also believed to increase fertility. It was also believed to enhance the wearer’s awareness of the beauty and magic in the world, and to aid the wearer in maintaining a peaceful, harmonious environment. Wearing rose quartz was also believed to be therapeutic for those individuals who suffered from depression, low self esteem or self-hatred. Rose quartz was perceived as being associated with the healing power of forgiveness, and thus was helpful in opening the heart, healing the pain of past upsets, and releasing guilt and old grudges. It was also believed effective as an aid to balancing the masculine and feminine aspects within both men and women [AncientGifts]. Rutilated Quartz: Rutilated quartz features golden colored rutile inclusions (appearing as golden needles) which are actually titanium dioxide crystals. Titanium of course is a high-tech metal known for its resistance to wear and high temperatures. However to the ancients, these brilliant golden metallic-appearing inclusions were obviously captured rays of sun, frozen in quartz during the Ice Age. This was commonly believed all the way through the Medieval Age, when early alchemists still believed that quartz was water that encroaching glaciers had frozen and petrified. [AncientGifts]. Agate: Agate is named after its ancient source, the Achates River in Sicily, now known as the Drillo River, which remains a major source of this gemstone. The gemstone was so named by the 4th century B.C. ancient Greek Philosopher/Naturalist Theophrastus, who “discovered” the stone along the shore line of the river (there’s a dissenting opinion that the word agate is derived from the Greek word “agateес” – meaning happy). The Greeks used agate for making jewelry and beads. Ancient Greek mariners wore amulets of agate to protect against the perils of the sea. The Ancient Greeks also used agate to relieve stomach pains and diarrhea. However agate had already been used for by man for decorative and amuletic purposes for thousands of years prior to the ancient Greeks, first by Stone Age man in France around 25,000 B.C. Archaeological discoveries demonstrate that the ancient Egyptians used agate well prior to 3,000 B.C. for talismans, amulets, seals, rings and vessels. In the Ptolemaic Period (fourth century B.C. to first century A.D.) the ancient Egyptians carved agate carved into scarabs. The ancient Egyptians believed that gray agate when worn around the neck would protect against and heal stiffness of the neck. Agate was also extremely popular for use in jewelry in ancient Sumer, and agate was amongst the archaeological artifacts excavated at the Knossos site on Crete evidencing its use by the Bronze Age Minoan culture (about 1,800 B.C.). Persian magicians were believed to possess the power to divert storms through the use of agate talismans. Ancient Persians also believed that agate would confer eloquence upon the wearer. The ancient Persians (as well as other ancient Near Eastern cultures) also used agate as an antidote to fevers by placing the agate in the mouth. It was said to relieve thirst and reduce body temperature. The ancient Babylonians used red agate to treat insect bites and stings, green agate to treat eye infections, and black agate (onyx) to protect women from disease. Agate talismans were worn in the Ancient Middle East to keep the blood healthy. In ancient Asia, agates were used by seers and magicians to see into the future. Agate was highly valued as a talisman or amulet in many other ancient cultures. It was said to quench thirst and protect from fevers. Another widespread belief in the ancient world was that wearing agate as a talisman would render the wearer invisible, thereby protecting the wearer from danger. Athletes throughout the ancient world wore agate amulets with the belief that agate would give them extra energy during competition and help them recover their strength afterwards. Agate was also worn by various ancient cultures as protection against drowning, falling, mischievous fairies and poison, and was also believed an effective talisman to protect young children from harm. Farmers in many ancient civilizations (including the Romans) wore agate talismans to ensure a good harvest. The Romans, as well as the ancient Greeks, made extensive use of agate in their production of cameos and intaglio seals (as in signet rings). Moss agate, according to the Romans, had a divine power and an agate stone was used to grind ingredients for lotions and other ointments on, believing it would improve one’s eyesight and/or disposition. A famous collection of four thousand agate bowls that was accumulated by Mithradates, king of Pontus (Hellenic Turkey)Hellenic Turkey) is illustrative of the high value the ancient world had for agate. Agate bowls were also popular in the Byzantine Empire. Collecting agate bowls became common among European royalty during the Renaissance and many museums in Europe, including the Louvre, have spectacular examples. Early Celts in Britain used the gem to prevent skin disease, and in Celtic mythology orange agate was believed to be a powerful protection against Dragons. The Vikings and Saxons used agate to find lost items by ax and stone, a method of divination known as “axinomancy”. In that ceremony a double-headed ax would be made red-hot and then the shaft pushed into a hole. A round agate pebble would then be placed on the upright ax head. If the pebble stayed on top of the ax, the questioner had to look elsewhere for the lost item. If the pebble fell to the ground, the questioner had to follow the direction of the rolling stone to find the missing item. During the Roman wars with the Gauls (in the first century B.C.), agate deposits were discovered along the Nahe river (a tributary to the Rhine) in Germany. The gem-cutting facilities set up there by the Romans survived until present day and, although the deposits are now depleted, the city of Idar-Oberstein on the Nahe river is still the major lapidary center of Europe. Particularly from the 16th century onwards, huge quantities of cameos were cut from agate where layers of different colors occurred within the stone. The background material was cut away, leaving the cameo design in relief. In the Middle Ages and through to the Renaissance agate was worn as a talisman in the belief it could prevent harm from thunder and lightening, sorcery, poison, drunkenness and demonic possession. Medieval shamans and sorcerers believed that agate allow them to divine the truth. Agate was also believed to remove curses and spells, and to help eliminate bad luck. In Renaissance Europe, agate was believed to have a calming effect during times of stress and to give the wearer strength and courage. Renaissance-era artists and writers wore agate in the belief it would enhance creativity. Wearing agate was also believed to improve vitality and physical strength, relieve headache pain, ensure marital and romantic fidelity, stimulate the intellect, and suppress anger. Agate was prized in Czarist Russia as a stone of long life, good health and prosperity. Agate is a variety of chalcedony quartz composed of colorful microscopic crystals of quartz occurring in bands of varying color and transparency. Most agates start as gas bubble cavities in eruptive rocks or ancient lava. Silica laden water seeps into the bubbles and coagulates to a silica gel, eventually crystallizing as quartz. Agate is found in a wide variety of patterns and beautiful colors, and can be transparent to opaque. Many fossils (such as petrified wood, petrified coral, and even dinosaur bones) are agatized material where the original organic substance has been replaced by agate while retaining the original structure. The primary sources of agate today are Brazil, Uruguay, China, India, Madagascar, Mexico, the Ural Mountains of Russia, and the USA. In the ancient world it was believed that wearing agate made a person agreeable, happy, and cautious yet brave. Ancient cultures used it as a talisman as it was believed to bestow on the wearer protection against all dangers. White agate was used as a cure for insomnia and guaranteed pleasant dreams. Agate was also believed to improve memory and concentration, increase stamina and encourage honesty, as well as aiding wearers to remain calm and focused. Contemporary practitioners attribute agate with fostering the ability to discover one’s natural talents, enhancing analytical ability, and improving perceptiveness. It is believed to create a healthy balance between the physical, emotional and spiritual state of the wearer. Agate is reported to be an aid in overcoming fears and loneliness. It is reputed to help the wearer view themselves with more clarity and view the world with a broader perspective. It is claimed to eliminate and cleanse “negative energies” from the body, and is thought to stimulate fertility and to be effective in treating bone marrow ailments and allergies. Due to the association with precision, agates are touted as useful talismans for accountants and bankers. And as in the distant past, agate is still considered an effective talisman which will increase wealth, good luck, long life, courage and strength; and to help protect and heal the wearer [AncientGifts]. Aventurine: Aventurine is a variety of chalcedony quartz characterized by its translucency and sparkly metallic inclusions which usually result in medium to dark green stones with a silvery green or blue sheen. The metallic inclusions give aventurine a unique sparkling iridescent effect, known as aventurescence. In addition to muscovite mica, hematite, goethite or boron may also be present and also produce iridescent properties. Aventurine is found in Australia, Austria, Brazil, Czechoslovakia, Chile, China, Finland, Germany, India, Italy, Japan, Madagascar, Nepal, Russia, South Africa, Spain, Tanzania, Tibet, and the USA. Though green is the most common color of aventurine, it may also be found in blue, brown, white, peach, yellow, or orange, as well as shades in between (such as blue-green). The color of the stone depends on the mineral impurities contained within. Green aventurine contains a chrome-bearing mineral known as fuchsite mica, which imparts not only the classic green color, but the silvery sheen as well. Blue aventurine gains its color from the mineral dumortierite or from other aluminous sediments containing boron. Orange and brown aventurine gains its color from either hematite or goethite. Green aventurine has been mined in India for millennia (particularly in the vicinities of Mysore and Madras), where it is sometimes referred to as “Indian Jade”. It has been mined in China for millennia as well, and is known as the “imperial stone”. In Russia golden-colored “goldstone” is produced from deposits in the Ural Mountains, and green adventurine is produced from deposits in the area of the Kursk Magnetic Anomaly. Throughout Asia and Europe aventurine has been used for thousands of years in jewelry, as well as for ornamental objects such as vases, bowls, and figurines. Some of mankind’s earliest known primitive tools were composed of aventurine quartz, discovered in Ethiopia’s Omo Valley. Many of the tools date back more than two and a half million years. Aventurine is a superior material for tool-making because of its excellent hardness, and a brittleness that allows it to be flaked into blades relatively easily. Aventurine has had a complicated relationship with mankind in millennia past. Ancient Hindus believed that a talisman of aventurine calmed the wearer’s emotions and enhanced creativity. Elsewhere in the East mystics associated aventurine with moon magick. A legend from ancient Tibet says that aventurine was used to improve nearsightedness and to increase the wearer’s creativity. As well (and more recently), aventurine has been a popular fertility charm for hundreds of years, the belief being that a piece of aventurine in the bedroom or under the pillow enhanced fertility. Sources recommend a rounded stone for women and an oval or long stone for men, mirroring the sexual symbolism found in many ancient fertility rituals and sacred sites. Green aventurine has also been worn in Asia for many centuries for good luck, and a talisman of green aventurine was and remains very popular with gamblers. In Europe’s recent past large aventurine rings were very popular in Victorian England. Legends also record the use of aventurine as an all-purpose healer, used to reduce stress, develop confidence, imagination and improve prosperity. The medicinal uses of aventurine included, as mentioned above, use as an all-purpose health tonic and as a stress-reducer. In centuries past aventurine was used in China and elsewhere in Asia to treat cardiovascular and circulatory diseases including high blood pressure, as well as to treat bronchitis and colds, dermatitis, and hair loss. In the twenty-first century Asia aventurine is still worn as a lucky talisman and is a popular stone for gamblers. Contemporary practitioners associate aventurine as the astrological birthstone for Taurus, and hold that it is useful for soothing the eyes and reliving migraine headaches, and recommend the gemstone for its “soothing” properties, suggesting that the gemstone can produce a better night’s sleep. Medicinally contemporary practitioners use aventurine to treat disorders of the lungs and heart, believing that it can reduce cholesterol levels and prevent arteriosclerosis. It has also been used to sooth and heal urinary tract infections. Aventurine is also recommended by many contemporary practitioners to help increase muscle flexibility and as a remedy for lower back ailments such as sciatica. It is also widely employed as an aid to draw out the heat of fevers and reduce inflammation in wounds and joints. Contemporary practitioners posit that green aventurine has the strongest healing energy, symbolizing tranquility, patience and creativity. It is also believed to be powerfully effective when combined with psychotherapy. Green aventurine is also believed to be the most effective color for treating heart and respiratory disorders, as well as to improve eyesight and vision. And as a “lucky talisman”, it is green aventurine which is still believed to be the most potent compared to other colors available. Green aventurine is thought to stimulate dreams and have a positive effect on psychic ability. It is suggested by many that green aventurine is an effective aid in strengthening the wearer’s sense of self-esteem, and has the power to give its wearer a positive outlook towards life, allowing the wearer to recognize and appreciate their right to happiness, health and prosperity, and enabling the wearer to shed feelings of fear or unworthiness, depression or lethargy which may be preventing the wearer from achieving their full potential. In short a talisman of green aventurine is believed to instill in the wearer optimism and perseverance, giving them the focus and determination needed to keep advancing on their goals, no matter how distant or unachievable they may appear. Green aventurine is also believed to be useful in easing anxiety and calming excess emotion, and to aid the wearer in making decisions from the heart, stimulating creative inspiration and giving the courage to live honestly and forthrightly around others. Green aventurine is also believed to be comforting, soothing, and supportive to the agitated mind, as well as to provide a sense of balance and inner equilibrium. Many practitioners maintain that green aventurine has the capability to calm a troubled spirit and bring about inner peace, and is useful for healing old traumas and emotional wounds, and enhancing the wearer’s cheerfulness and sense of humor. Red aventurine on the other hand is said to boost vitality, creativity and mental alertness. It is thought to aid “romantic creativity”, making it a good gemstone for date night. It is also believed to be helpful in healing reproductive system, and sometimes to reverse diseases. In contrast a talisman of blue aventurine is thought to be helpful if the wearer is seeking inner strength or self-discipline, and is believed to enhance creativity and develop both confidence and leadership qualities, enabling the wearer to act decisively and enhance their intuition. The wearing of a blue aventurine amulet is also believed to enable the wearer to overcome bad habits. As is the case with green aventurine, blue aventurine is also said to provide patience, eliminate stubbornness, and control excitability. Medicinally blue aventurine physically is said to help the body release toxins [AncientGifts]. Chalcedony: Quartz-silica gemstones can be classified into 3 varieties: quartz, which is transparent cut from a single crystal; translucent varieties covered by the term “chalcedony”, and opal. The earliest recorded use of chalcedony was for projectile points, knives, tools, and containers such as cups and bowls. Early man made weapons and tools from many varieties of chalcedony including agate, agatized coral, flint, jasper, and petrified wood. In all ages chalcedony has been the stone most used by the gem engraver, and many colored varieties are still cut and polished as gemstones. The Ancient Greeks referred to almost all colors of chalcedony from white to black and everything in-between as Onyx. The name “chalcedony” is derived from the name of the ancient Greek town known as Chalkedon in Asia Minor on the Asia Minor side of the Bosporus. Now the Turkish city of Kadikoy and a suburb of Istanbul, Chalcedon was colonized by the Ionian Greek city of Miletus in the seventh century B.C., just opposite the shore where a few years later colonizing Greeks from Athens would found the city of Byzantium, which became one of the most impregnable fortified cities of the ancient world, and as Constantinople, the capital of the Eastern Roman Empire. About two-hundred years after Chalcedon’s founding, a close neighbor to the southwest, the city of Sardis, was just reaching its zenith as the chief city of the Kingdom of Lydia, and home to the fabulously wealthy King Croesus, who ruled from 560 to 548 B.C. Expert geologists, miners and gemstone cutters, the Sardians mined blue chalcedony which was shipped throughout the ancient Mediterranean world out of the port of Chalcedon. Greek seafarers in the third or fourth century A.D. wore chalcedony and garnet amulets to avoid drowning. Romans eventually applied the term to describe black and dark brown colors only. In ancient Assyria chalcedony amulets were carved by temple priests and worn for a wide variety of purposes; to secure public favor, ensure victories, keep a lover faithful, keep one safe on a journey, or protect the wearer from political upheaval or war. One such amulet recently deciphered by archaeologists was inscribed with the prayer: “may Sin, lord of the crown, quiet you; may Ninurta, lord of weapons, break your enemies weapons; may Nergal, lord of the netherworld hold you in battle; may Ea and Asalluhi cut off your poison. Clear off!” Archaeologists have also uncovered Assyrian and Babylonian cylinder seals carved from chalcedony. The Romans prized chalcedony for use as seals and in intaglio rings. During the later Roman Empire an art form started which was known as “opus sectile” in which large pieces of thinly cut stone (marble, mother of pearl, chalcedony, glass) were joined together to make a picture or design, much like a picture-puzzle, most often to be inlaid into walls and floors. The materials were cut into thin pieces, polished, and then cut according to the design so that they fit one another without the use of grout. Unlike mosaic techniques, where the placement of very small uniformly-sized pieces forms a design, “opus sectile” pieces were much larger and could be shaped to define large parts of the design. In the Middle Ages the technique was known as “cosmatesque”, and floors and small columns on tombs and altars continued to use inlays of different colors in geometric patterns. Byzantine art continued with inlaid floors, but also produced some small religious figures in hardstone inlays. In the Italian Renaissance the technique was often referred to as “painting in stone”. The center of the art form was late 16th century in Florence, Italy. “Pictures” were created using thin, cut-to-shape pieces of brightly colored, semiprecious stones. “Commesso” pictures (also known as “pietra dura”), which typically made use of chalcedony, ranged from emblematic and floral subjects to landscapes, and were used mainly for tabletops and small wall panels, but also for jewelry, cameos, small boxes, etc. During the Middle Ages and Renaissance chalcedony was believed to banish fear, hysteria, depression, mental illness and sadness. It was believed to reduce fever, and wearing chalcedony was believed to be beneficial to vision. It was also worn by many to promote calm and inner tranquility as well as to stimulate creativity. Astrologers and shamans of the Middle Ages wore engraved signet rings of chalcedony as amulets. In the late Renaissance it was widely believed that a person seeing nocturnal phantoms took in disease or evil through their eyes. Wearing chalcedony was believed to remove or counteract the disease or evil. During the Renaissance chalcedony was also widely used as an architectural element in many of Europe’s architectural “jewels.” One such jewel is the Usimbardi Chapel inside the Church of Santa Trinita, built from 1602-07 in Florence, Italy. Renowned Florentine painter, architect, and poet Ludovico Cardi (1559-1613) decorated the pilaster strips of the chapel with agate, chalcedony, jasper and lapis lazuli inlays or “cladding”. Another treasure is in Prague where the Chapel of St. Wenceslas built in the 1400’s completely inside the St. Vitus Cathedral has walls of large paintings interspersed with stones of carnelian, amethyst, chalcedony and chrysoprase. St. Vitus Cathedral is considered to be the one of the most important monuments of Czech art, is dedicated to St. Vitus, an Italian martyr put to death by the Emperor Diocletian in 304 or 305 A.D. The St. Vitus Cathedral is also the repository of the Bohemian (Czech) crown jewels and underground tombs of Bohemian (Czech) kings. It was also the venue in which Bohemian kings and queens were traditionally crowned. The magnificent gothic cathedral was founded in the late 9th century. The “good King Wenceslas” of the well-known Christmas carol dedicated a chapel to St. Vitus in 925 A.D. The cathedral in its present (rebuilt) form took nearly six centuries to complete after its construction started in 1344, and was designed by medieval architect Mathias Arras. When Arras passed away in 1352), his work was continued by architect Peter Parler, who also built the St. Wenceslas Chapel, decorated with frescos and semi-precious stones. The final stage of construction was completed only in the period between 1873 and 1929. The facing of the walls which consist of precious stones, and the wall paintings of the Passion cycle are parts of the original 14th-century decoration of the chapel. Scenes from the life of St. Wenceslas which form another decorative band are attributed to the workshop of the Master of the Litomerice Altar. It is the door in the south-western corner of this chapel that leads to the Crown Chamber in which the Bohemian coronation jewels

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